🌪️ Tornado & EF-Scale Lab

Build a supercell in real time. CAPE (buoyant energy), 0–6 km wind shear, core radius and surface roughness control rotation, funnel formation, damage and the Enhanced Fujita rating — with the live Rankine vortex wind profile below.

NO ROTATION — WAITING FOR CAPE + SHEAR 0 m/s

RANKINE VORTEX — TANGENTIAL WIND vs RADIUS (P = solid core V, outside V ∝ 1/r) EF-

CAPE (buoyant energy)2500 J/kg

0–6 km Wind Shear32 m/s

Core Radius150 m

Surface Roughness0.10 m

PEAK WIND (3-S GUST)

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FORMATION PROBABILITY

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DAMAGE POTENTIAL

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CORE PRESSURE DEFICIT

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🔬 Modelling notes (real physics used)

Peak wind: V ≈ η·√(2·CAPE) + 0.55·shear, with thermodynamic efficiency η ≈ 0.34 (Emanuel-style heat engine). Rankine vortex: V = Vmax·(r/R) inside the core and Vmax·(R/r) outside. Cyclostrophic pressure deficit Δp = ρ·Vmax² (accounted for with 1.1× roughness damping on rough terrain). EF damage scale from the 3-second gust (EF0 29–37, EF1 38–49, EF2 50–60, EF3 61–73, EF4 74–89, EF5 90+ m/s).