⚡ Water Dielectric Lab

Investigate water's molecular dipole moment ($\mu = 1.854\text{ Debye}$) and huge dielectric permittivity ($\epsilon_r \approx 80.1$). Model Debye relaxation ($\epsilon^*(\omega) = \epsilon_\infty + \frac{\epsilon_s - \epsilon_\infty}{1 + i\omega\tau}$), Coulomb screening, and $2.45\text{ GHz}$ microwave heating loss.

Water Temp ($T$) °C

EM Frequency ($f$) GHz (2.45 GHz = Microwave Oven)

■ Real Permittivity ε′ (Storage) | ■ Loss Factor ε″ (Thermal Dissipation)

Static Permittivity ($\epsilon_s$)

78.36

Screens Coulomb force by 1/78

Real Permittivity ($\epsilon'$)

76.8

Polarization storage

Dielectric Loss ($\epsilon''$)

12.1

Loss tangent $\tan\delta = 0.158$

Relaxation Time ($\tau$)

8.27 ps

Peak $f_{rel} = 19.2$ GHz